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Cover of 'The zurich axioms'

The zurich axioms

Max Gunther

Principles for managing risk & assets

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Description

The Zurich axioms are principles that guide investors in situations where their capital is at stake with the aim of earning more. They advocate for effective risk management rather than avoidance, acknowledging that higher returns are often linked to higher risks.

These axioms provide a framework for making informed investment choices, encapsulating a philosophy for navigating financial decisions. They serve as a foundation for understanding the relationship between risk and reward in the investment landscape.

Table of contents

01

Primary principle 1 - hazard evaluation

Worry isn't a malady but a hallmark of vitality. Those who don't worry likely aren't venturing enough. Escaping worry might seem safe, but it can lead to a life of poverty and tedium. Life should be an exhilarating journey, filled with risks that make it worth living. Whether it's in love, sports, or finances, the possibility of failure adds zest to our endeavors.

Embracing risk is essential for financial growth. Working for someone else rarely leads to wealth; the system doesn't favor the employee. A balanced approach is to invest half your energy in a job and the other half in investments and speculation. This strategy offers more upward potential than downward risk, turning life into an adventure.

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02

Primary principle 2 - desire for more

Securing profits early is a principle that can significantly enhance your speculative abilities, setting you apart from the majority. The essence of this principle lies in mastering the art of controlling greed, which is the desire for incessant accumulation. Interestingly, curbing greed not only aligns with prudent financial behavior but also increases the likelihood of wealth accumulation.

Unlike other creatures, humans have the unique propensity to excessively pursue material gains, often to their detriment. It's crucial to recognize that while periods of good fortune are enjoyable, their duration is unpredictable, ranging from the immediate to the distant future. Statistically, shorter winning streaks are more common than prolonged periods of success, suggesting that playing the odds by expecting brief victories can be advantageous.

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03

Primary principle 3 - as­pi­ra­tion's role

When a ship begins to sink, it's not the time for prayers but for action. Relying on the hope that half of your speculative endeavors will succeed is a risky bet. Often, you won't end up where you planned, and the ability to gracefully exit a losing situation is a skill that's both rare and invaluable. It requires bravery and a stark honesty with oneself.

Unlike the amateur gambler who relies on luck, a professional knows the importance of strategizing an escape when the odds turn unfavorable. This distinction is crucial. Many speculators have suffered significant losses not because they failed to act, but because they hesitated too long before abandoning a sinking venture.

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04

Primary principle 4 - predictive insights

The unpredictability of human behavior underscores the folly of trusting anyone who claims to have insights into the future, no matter how vague those predictions may be.

The truth is, no one possesses even a minimal understanding of what the future holds, be it next year, next week, or even the next day. It's crucial to break free from the habit of paying attention to forecasts.

Economists, market advisors, and financial experts should not be taken seriously, as their occasional correct predictions only serve to make them more hazardous. Dr. Theodore Levitt, an economist, once highlighted the ease of appearing prophetic by stating, "It’s easy to be a prophet. You make twenty-five predictions and the ones that come true are the only ones you talk about." This suggests that the strategy of making frequent forecasts and ignoring the inaccuracies is common among predictors.

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05

Primary principle 5 - recognizing trends

Chaos becomes a threat only when it starts to resemble order. It's crucial not to be deceived by the appearance of order where none exists. Being agile and ready to pivot from a speculation once your target or loss threshold is reached is essential.

It's important to do your own research and approach all investment advice with a healthy dose of skepticism. The more someone claims to see a pattern in the chaos, the less they should be trusted. For instance, numerous get-rich-quick schemes boast a foolproof success formula, which is often nothing more than the author's luck masquerading as a replicable system. Any strategy that overlooks the significant role of luck is unreliable.

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06

Primary principle 6 - adapt­abil­i­ty in action

Embrace the philosophy of maintaining your agility, especially in the realm of speculative ventures. The essence of being a successful speculator lies in your ability to remain unencumbered by attachments that could slow you down or cloud your judgment. This includes emotional ties such as loyalty or the desire to wait for a potentially large payoff.

Being nimble and ready to pivot at a moment's notice is crucial. When faced with a declining opportunity or a more enticing prospect, the absence of emotional baggage allows you to make swift, unimpeded decisions. Indeed, the pursuit of comfort and familiarity often stands in stark contrast to the traits of a successful speculator. It's important to recognize the trap of becoming emotionally invested in any venture, as sentiments like loyalty and nostalgia can hinder your ability to act decisively.

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07

Primary principle 7 - gut feelings

A hunch can often be seen as a form of intuition, a knowledge that exists without a clear understanding of its origin. It's something that might feel like it's coming from a place within the subconscious, a repository of information that isn't always actively recognized. The way people respond to hunches varies widely. Some dismiss intuition entirely, preferring tangible, factual evidence, regardless of its quality. Others might place too much faith in their gut feelings, leading to decisions that lack critical scrutiny and potentially result in significant missteps.

However, there's a balanced approach, often referred to as the Zurich approach, which advocates for a selective trust in hunches—distinguishing between those that are worth considering and those that are not. This method is particularly effective when you consider the nature of a hunch as an insight that you're aware of but can't fully explain how you came to know it.

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08

Primary principle 8 - faith and mysticism

The notion that divine intervention will lead to wealth is a misconception. Praying with financial gain in mind might not only leave you materially poorer but spiritually impoverished as well.

Relying on a higher power for financial security can make you vulnerable to deception. Religious teachings across various creeds suggest that wealth is not a prerequisite for fulfillment, cautioning against the false comfort provided by a belief in supernatural financial protection.

Mixing financial aspirations with spiritual beliefs can create a dangerous illusion of safety. It's wise to depend solely on one's intellect and efforts rather than expecting divine or supernatural assistance in monetary matters. Similarly, if astrology or any mystical practices truly influenced wealth, their practitioners would uniformly prosper.

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09

Primary principle 9 - the bright and dark sides

Optimism, while uplifting, can often cloud judgment and lead to poor decision-making, especially in speculative ventures. It creates a feel-good sensation that may obscure the reality of a situation, potentially leading to investments without clear exit strategies or delaying necessary actions.

To truly be prepared, one must consider how to mitigate potential losses before investing, thereby transitioning from mere optimism to confidence. In the realm of professional gambling, optimism serves as a tool for experienced players to exploit less seasoned ones, illustrating how confidence is actually built on a constructive application of optimism.

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10

Primary principle 10 - agreement dynamics

While it's not accurate to claim that the majority opinion is always incorrect, there's a significant likelihood that it may not be right. It's crucial not to blindly align with the majority or the minority without conducting your own analysis. Before risking any investment, it's essential to independently evaluate the situation. The essence of making informed decisions lies in setting aside the views of others, including experts, until you've thoroughly considered the matter yourself.

As Rene Descartes, the philosopher, pointed out, for every assertion made by a learned individual, there's likely another equally learned individual who has stated the opposite. Moreover, Descartes believed that when it comes to complex questions, the truth is more often uncovered by the few rather than the many.

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11

Primary principle 11 - persistence issues

Perseverance is often lauded as a virtue, akin to optimism, and it's true that it can be beneficial when applied to learning and self-improvement. However, it's crucial to recognize when perseverance turns into stubbornness, especially in the realm of speculative ventures. It's a common pitfall to believe that a single investment must yield returns simply because you've committed to it. Instead, it's essential to maintain the flexibility to assess each investment on its own merits, without being swayed by past decisions.

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12

Primary principle 12 - strategy development

Believing that long-range plans can control the future is a risky mindset. It's crucial to maintain the flexibility to adapt to unfolding events. Investing in opportunities as they arise and steering clear of emerging risks is wise, valuing the freedom to move accordingly. The notion of a life-long plan is essentially an illusion of order in an inherently chaotic world. It's naive to think that the future can be predicted based on current trends, as history is full of unforeseen events.

A more effective approach is to remain adaptable, seizing opportunities and avoiding dangers as they emerge. The only financial long-term plan that makes sense is aiming to become wealthy, with the specifics of achieving this goal remaining flexible. Preparing for the future means committing to continuous learning and self-improvement.

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